ABB发电机维修保养

众所周知，同步发电机要用直流电流励磁。在以往的他励式同步发电机中，其直流电流是有附设的直流励磁机供给。直流励磁机是一种带机械换向器的旋转电枢式交流发电机。其多相闭合电枢绕组切割定子磁场产生了多相交流电，由于机械换向器和电刷组成的整流系统的整流作用，在电刷上获得了直流电，再通过另一套电刷，滑块系统将获得的直流输送到同步发电机的转子，励磁绕组去励磁，因此直流励磁机的换向器原则上是一个整流器，显然可以用一组硅二节管取代，而功率半导体器件的发展提供了这个条件。将半导体元件与发电机的轴固结在一起转动，则可取消换向器、滑块等滑动接触部分、利用二极管换成直流电流。直流送给转子励磁、绕组励磁。这就是无刷系统。

下面我们以典型的几种不同发电机励磁系统，介绍它的工作原理。

一、相复励励磁原理

左图为常用的电抗移相相复励励磁系统线路图。由线形电抗器DK把电枢绕组抽头电压移相约90°、和电流互感器LH提供的电压几何叠加，经过桥式整流器ZL整流，供给发电机励磁绕组。负载时由电流互感器LH供给所需的复励电流，进行电流补偿，由线形电抗器DK移相进行相位补偿。

二、三次谐波原理

左图为三次谐波原理图，对一般发电机来源，我们需要的是工频正弦波，称为基波，比基波高的正弦波都称为谐波、其中三次谐波的含量最大，在谐波发电机定子槽中，安放有主绕组和谐波励磁绕组（s1、s2），而这个绕组之间没有电的联系。谐波绕组将绕组中150HZ谐波感应出来，经过ZL桥式整流器整流，送到主发电机转子绕组LE中进行励磁。

三、可控硅直接励磁原理

由左图可以看出，可控硅直接励磁 是采用可控硅整流器直接将发电机输出的任一相一部分能量，经整流后送入励磁绕组去的励磁方式，它是由自动电压调节器（AVR），控制可控硅的导通角来调节励磁电流大小而维持发电机端电压的稳定。

四、无刷励磁原理

无刷励磁主要用于西门子、斯坦福、利莱等无刷发电机。它是利用交流励磁机，其定子上的剩磁或永久磁铁（带永磁机）建立电压，该交流电压经旋转整流起整流后，送入主发电机的励磁绕组，使发电机建压。自动电压调节器（AVR）能根据输出电压的微小偏差迅速地减小或增加励磁电流，维持发电机的所设定电压近似不变。

中小型三相同步发电机的技术发展概况

一．概述

    中小型同步发电机是中小型电机的主要产品之一，广泛应用于小型水电站、船舶电站、移动电站、固定电站、应急备用电站、正弦波试验电源、变频电源、计算机电源及新能源――风力发电、地热发电、潮汐发电、余热发电等。它对边（疆）老（区）贫（穷）地区实现电气化，提高该地区经济发展水平和人民的生活水平有着重要的作用，中小型发电机在船舶、现代电气化火车内燃机车等运输设备中也是一个关键设备。移动电站对国防设施、工程建设、海上石油平台、陆上电驱动石油钻机、野外勘探等也是不可缺少的关键装备之一。应急备用电站在突发事件中的防灾、救护保障人民的生命和财产的安全有着不可替代的作用。开发绿色能源、可再生能源、减少大气二氧化碳的含量，小水电、风力发电、地热发电和余热发电是重要的组成部分。

    我国小型同步发电机的第一代产品是1956年电工局在上海组织的统一设计并于1957年完成的TSN、TSWN系列农用水轮发电机。第二代产品是在进行了大量试验研究和调查研究的基础上于1965年开始的T2系列小型三相同步发电机统一设计，该水平达到六十年代国际先进水平，为B级绝缘的有刷三相同步发电机。在这段时间还开发了ST系列有刷单相同步发电机，此系列电机出口量较大。1979年开始进行TFW系列三相无刷同步发电机和TFDW系列单相无刷同步发电机的统一设计，1982年10月通过了样机鉴定工作,并推广生产,此两系列主要性能指标达到或接近当时的国际先进水平,此系列仍采用B级绝缘结构。

    进入八十年代末、九十年代初，随着我国改革开放不断发展，我国的电机行业的部分企业开始引进先进工业国的中小型同步发电机，有的按生产许可证方式进行技术引进，有的引进软件技术（或生

产技术），有的按合作生产方式引进国外的先进技术，其先后有德国西 门子公司的IFC5和IFC6系列、德国AEG公司的DKBH系列、英国彼特普公司E系列、美国马拉松公司的MP系列发电机、英国的斯坦福公司BC、HC系列等发电机，这些发电机的绝缘等级为F级或H级，采用隐极式或整体凸级结

构，其技术经济指标较先进，可靠性较高，其制造工艺水平较先进，这些产品的引进，对提高我国的中小型发电机水平和制造工艺水平有较大的促进作用。比如，无锡电机厂、汾西机械厂、柳州电机厂

引进了德国西门子公司1FC5、1FC6系列无刷发电机，兰州电机有限责任公司（以下简称兰电）引进了德国AEG公司DKBH系列船用、陆用无刷发电机，福州发电设备厂引进了美国麦格乃泰克公司无刷发电机制造技术等等。近年无锡电机厂又引进了西门子公司最近开发的1FC2系列无刷三相同步发电机，该电机为整园凸极冲片，克服了原西门子公司1FC5、1FC6隐极结构体积偏大，重量偏重的不足。90年代，无锡电机厂与新时代公司、上海革新电机厂与马拉松公司合资办了企业，使我国中小型三相同步发电机水平又有了进一步的提高，使国内三相同步发电机生产的主要企业产品达到了国际先进水平。兰州电机厂在引进德国AEG公司DKBH系列基础上，90年代中期，又开发了自己的新一代产品：TZHW系列（陆用）、TFXW-H系列（船用）无刷三相同步发电机，使其性能有了进一步的提高，更加适合国情、厂情，提高了市场竞争力。

Generator principle and structure -- the generator excitation system

As everyone knows, synchronous generator with direct current excitation. In the past he excitation synchronous generator, the DC current is supplied with DC exciter. DC exciter is a kind of mechanical commutator armature type alternator. The multi phase closed armature winding cutting stator magnetic field produced a polyphase alternating current, due to mechanical commutator and brush composed of rectification system in the rectification, brush obtained by DC, and then through another set of brushes, slider system will be the DC transmission to the synchronous generator rotor, the excitation winding to excitation, thus the DC exciter commutator is in principle a rectifier, apparently by a group of two joints of pipe to replace the silicon, and the semiconductor power devices are provided for the development of this condition. The semiconductor element and the shaft generator are combined together to rotate, can cancel the commutator, a sliding contact portion, using diode into DC current. DC excitation winding exciter rotor, to. This is the brushless system.

Below we give several typical different generator excitation system, introduces its working principle.

One, the phase compound excitation principle

The common reactance phase shift phase compound excitation system circuit diagram. By linear reactor DK armature winding tap voltage phase shift for 90 degrees, and a current transformer LH voltage supplied by the geometric overlay, through a bridge rectifier ZL rectifier, supply generator excitation winding. When the load is composed of a current transformer LH provide the desired compound excitation current, current compensation, by linear reactor DK phase by phase compensation.

Two or three harmonic theory

The three harmonic diagram, on the general generator source, we need is sinusoidal, known as the fundamental, base wave sine wave is called a harmonic, of which three harmonic content is maximum, in a harmonic generator stator slot, which are the main winding and harmonic excitation windings ( S1, S2), and the winding without electric contact. Harmonic winding winding in150HZ harmonic induction, after ZL bridge rectifier, is sent to the main generator rotor winding in LE excitation.

In three, the controllable silicon excitation principle

As can be seen by the controllable silicon excitation, is the use of silicon controlled rectifier directly to the generator output any phase of a portion of the energy, the rectifier is sent to the field winding to the excitation mode, it is composed of automatic voltage regulator ( AVR ), SCR conduction angle to adjust the excitation current size and maintain generator terminal voltage stability.

Four, the principle of brushless excitation

Brushless excitation is mainly used for Siemens, Standford Lilley, brushless generator. It is the use of AC exciter, the stator remanence or permanent magnet ( permanent magnet machine set voltage ), the AC voltage by the rotating rectifier has rectified, into the main generator excitation winding, so that the generator voltage build. Automatic voltage regulator ( AVR ) based on the output voltage of the minimal deviation rapidly decreasing or increasing the excitation current, maintain the generator set by the approximate constant voltage.

Small three-phase synchronous generator technology development

A. An overview

Small and medium synchronous generator in small-sized motor is one of the main products, widely used in small hydropower stations, ship power station, mobile station, fixed station, emergency power, sine wave test power supply, variable frequency power supply, computer power and new energy - wind power, geothermal power, tidal power, waste heat power generation. It to the side ( border ) and old ( area) poverty ( poor ) region to achieve electrification, improve the level of economic development and people's living level has an important role, medium and small generator in ship, the modern electrified train locomotives and other transporting equipment is a key apparatus. Mobile power station on the national defense facilities, engineering construction, offshore oil platforms, onshore oil drilling rig electric drive, field exploration is an indispensable key equipment. Emergency standby power station in the event of an emergency, rescue and protect people's lives and property safety plays an irreplaceable role. The development of green energy, renewable energy, reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide content, small hydropower, wind power, geothermal power and heat generation is an important part of the.

Our country medium and small synchronous generator of the first generation product is electrical engineering 1956Bureau in Shanghai organization of unified design and completed in 1957 for the TSN, TSWN series of farm water turbine generator. Second generation products are made in a large amount of experimental study and on the basis of the investigation began in 1965of the T2 series of small synchronous generator uniform design, the level achieved sixty time international advanced level, for class B insulation brushless three-phase synchronous generator. During this period of time also developed the ST series brushless single phase synchronous generator, this series motor export volume of the larger. Beginning in 1979 for TFW series three-phase brushless synchronous generator and TFDW series single-phase brushless synchronous generator with unified design, in 1982October passed the prototype identification work, and promote the production of the two series, the main performance indexes reach or approach the international advanced level, this series still uses the B class insulation structure.

In eighty time end, at the beginning of ninety time, as our country reforming and opening development, China's motor industry enterprises began to introduce advanced industrial country small and medium synchronous generator, some of the production license for the introduction of technology, the introduction of software technology ( or students

Production technology ), some of the cooperation mode of production of the introduction of foreign advanced technology, it has the German company SIEMENS IFC5series and the IFC6, Germany AEG company 's DKBH series, E series, the British Peterp USA marathon MP series generators, Britain's Standford BC, HC series generator, the generator insulation class F or class H, the implicit pole type or integral convex class node

Structure, its technology economic norms is more advanced, higher reliability, the manufacturing technology level is advanced, the product introduction, to improve China's medium and small generator level and manufacturing technology level has bigger stimulative effect. For example, motor factory in Wuxi, Fenxi machinery factory, Liuzhou electric plant

The introduction of Germany Siemens company 1FC5,1FC6 series brushless generator, Lanzhou Electrical Machinery Company Limited ( hereinafter referred to as the blue electric ) AEG introduction of the German company DKBH series marine, marine brushless generator in Fuzhou power plant, the introduction of the United States MEG Tektronix Inc brushless generator machine manufacturing technology and so on. In recent years, Wuxi electric plant and the introduction of Siemens company recently developed 1FC2series three-phase brushless synchronous generator, the motor for the entire park salient pole laminations, to overcome the original Siemens company 1FC5,1FC6non-salient pole structure in large volume, weight overweight deficiency. In 90, Wuxi electric factory and new Time Inc, Shanghai electrical machinery plant innovation and marathon joint-venture enterprise, make our country small and medium sized three-phase synchronous generator level had rise further, make domestic three-phase synchronous generator and production of major products reached the international advanced level. Lanzhou motor factory in the introduction of the German company AEG based on the DKBH series,90 time metaphase, and the development of their new generation of products: TZHW series ( land ), TFXW-H series ( Marine ) brushless three-phase synchronous generator, so that the performance is further improved, more suitable for the national conditions, conditions of the plant, improve the market competitiveness.